Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, he was a successful president from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Overall, he is a man to be respected, but six weeks before his death, something much more amazing had happened to him; he dreamed of his own death. Although he did not specifically dream about being shot and dying, he dreamed of being an observer after his death. He saw people outside the White House mourning, and when he finally entered the White House, he passed a coffin only to be shocked finding himself looking at his own body. Perceiving one's own death, this phenomenon can be referred to as precognition. Precognition, as defined by the dictionary, is the direct knowledge or perception of the future that is obtained through extrasensory means; particularly through a person's dream. Rosemary Guiley, author of "Harper's Encyclopedia of Mystical and Paranormal Experience", concluded that precognition may also occur spontaneously in waking visions, auditory hallucinations, random thoughts, and "sudden" instincts. She also said that the majority of precognitive experiences usually happen within a forty-eight hour period prior to the foreseen event; it is considered unusual when the precognitive experience occur months or even years before the actual event.
So how can precognition really be explained? One explanation about it involves the constructive role of human observation. According to some observational theories, it is through an observation of a future event that the event is in fact, determined. This future observation informs the present observer under several conditions of motivation and feedback. Observational theories is one, but there are still several ways to explain precognition as a form of extrasensory perception. One of which is the theory about a person's subliminal awareness. Subliminal awareness is classified under the parapsychological approach in explaining precognition. As Dunne(1927) and Saltmarsh(1938) discussed in their respective books, subliminal awareness supposes that awareness is fundamentally transtemporal, acquiring information beyond the "specious present" of information that is typically available for immediate awareness. Another theory about precognition under the parapsychological approach is called the Psi-mediated instrumental response (PMIR). This theory, as offered by Dr.Rex G. Stanford(1993), proposes that humans look at their surroundings unconsciously trying to find motivationally relevant information that will be used to place a person in a goal-relevant position with respect to his or her environment. This process is the one that creates the experience of precognition.
As there are different explanations about precognition, there are also different studies about it. One particular study about precognition is through its case collections. History has records of many instances of precognition and of belief in its occurrence as a form of "looking into the future". A notable example of this collection is when J.W. Dunne, an engineer, recorded each of his dreams as they occurred to him. He then identified correspondences between his future experiences and his recorded dreams. When he reported his findings to "An Experiment with Time", he found out that 10% of his dreams appeared to represent some future events, particularly some major news events appearing a day or so after the dream. Experimental approaches are another way of studying about precognition. There are two kinds of experimental approaches, free-response studies is one. This kind of experimental approach is conducted in sleep laboratories wherein participants are initially free to respond in any manner that spontaneously occur to them through their dreams. The other kind of experimental approach is forced-choice studies, wherein participants use the method of forced-choice matching. This kind of method is basically focused on guesses made by the participants.
In the end, even though precognition is also referred to as "future sight", or the ability to acquire future information, it does not mean that the foreseen event will really happen; it does not mean that the person has no other choice but to accept his or her "fate". After all, free will can change even the perceived future.
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